Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?

Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? a. Hyperplasia c. Dysplasia b. Metaplasia d. Anaplasia ANS: B Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, sometimes a less differentiated cell type. The best example of metaplasia is the replacement of normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial (airway) lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The other options do not accurately describe the event in the question. PTS: 1 REF: Page 54

2. The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to: a. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca). b. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl). c. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl). d. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO). ANS: C A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium-potassium (Na + –K + ) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na + –K + pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water can then freely enter the cell, and cellular swelling results. The other options do not accurately describe the result of ATP at the cellular level. PTS: 1 REF: Page 57

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3. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of hormonal: a. Atrophy c. Anaplasia b. Hyperplasia d. Dysplasia ANS: B Hormonal hyperplasia occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such as the uterus and breast. The remaining options do not adequately describe the consequence of hormones on breast tissue during pregnancy. PTS: 1 REF: Page 53

4. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? *You can buy complete chapters by:

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a. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease b. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis c. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease d. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia ANS: A Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure. No current research connects the disorders mentioned in the other options to the effects of free radicals. PTS: 1 REF: Pages 59-60 5

. Free radicals cause cell damage by: a. Stealing the cell’s oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxi……………………