Running head: GROUP RESEARCH PLAN 1

GROUP #3 RESEARCH PLAN 8

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Research Plan

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Title: The title includes the precise identification of the problem; it contains the independent and dependent variables and target population. It must be clear, concise, and fully descriptive of the study. The recommended length is 12 words.

Overview: The abstract summarizes the contents of the manuscript. The abstract should begin by broadly summarizing the problem and importance of the study in 2-3 sentences. The abstract should then clearly and concisely state the purpose of the study. Next, the abstract should contain a brief description of the target population, sampling methodology, description of the sample, and sample size. The abstract should also identify the research design and methodology. Finally, the abstract should name the instrument and explain the procedures for data collection and statistical analysis. The abstract should not contain any in-text citations. The recommended length is 200–250 words.

Research Question: The proposed research question needs to be derived from the problem and purpose statements. A well-formulated research question does the following: (a) clearly identifies (but does not label) least one dependent and one independent variables, (b) is stated clearly and in the form of a question, (c) is testable (i.e. identifies the sample and implies the research design and statistical analysis), (d) does not pose an ethical or moral problem for implementation, and (e) is specific and restricted in scope (i.e., the aim is not to solve the world’s problems). List only one focused, testable research question.

RQ1: Is there a statically significant difference between fourth grade boys and girls overall attitudes towards physical education?

Hypothesis: The null hypothesis needs to be written with words, not symbols. Every research question should have at least one corresponding null hypothesis; however, sometimes more than one is needed. The number of hypotheses should be based upon the number of variables under study and planned analysis. Well-formulated hypotheses are based on the following criteria: (a) the hypothesis stated the expected relationship/differences between variables, (b) the hypothesis is testable, (c) the hypothesis is stated simply and concisely as possible, and (d) the hypothesis is founded in the problem statement and supported by research. Like the research questions, the hypotheses in null form directly influence the statistical procedures used.

H01: There is no statistically significant difference between fourth grade boys and girls overall attitudes towards physical education.

Introduction: The introduction should catch the audience’s attention by using a “hook” and convince the reader that the topic or issue is important using at least 3-4 scholarly journal articles published within the last 5 years. It provides a general overview of the topic and prepares the reader for the background section of the manuscript. The recommended length is 200–300 words.

THE FOLLOWING IS JUST AN EXAMPLE. BE SURE TO DEVELOP YOUR OWN UNIQUE PROCEDURES FOR THE SECTION BELOW.Childhood obesity is a national epidemic that affects more than twelve million children in the United States, or around one in every six school-aged children (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). Childhood obesity has long been considered a public health crisis to which the cures remain quite simple (Ebbeling, Pawlak, & Ludwig, 2002). Sadly, school environments may be one of the contributing factors to childhood obesity (Ip, et al, 2017). Physical Education (PE) in schools and the participation in regular exercise for school-aged children are of paramount importance in fighting the spread of this disease (Janssen & LeBlanc, 2010; Li & Hooker, 2010). PE in the United States has been a continually changing landscape (Silverman, 2017), and unfortunately, schools have seen markedly reduced hours that are appropriated for it. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend at least sixty minutes of daily physical activity for school-aged children (Centers for Disease Control and Prevent, 2017). On average, American boys and girls receive only 30 minutes of activity each day (Racette, et al. 2015). Students’ attitudes towards PE classes may impact their participation in physical activity and subsequently may influence childhood obesity (Phillips & Silverman, 2012). Furthermore, gender differences may also contribute to variation in childhood obesity and PE (Carlson et al., 2008; Cawley et al., 2013; Kriemler, et al., 2010). For example, there may be an interaction between gender and attitudes towards PE. Much study has been conducted surrounding the impacts of physical fitness on childhood obesity in school-aged children (Janssen & LeBlanc, 2010). However, gaps remain in our understanding of the specific attitudes towards PE among school-aged boys and girls that may influence key factors of their health (Silverman, 2017). Based on previous literature and what we know about childhood obesity, we need to study the attitudes of fourth-grade boys and girls towards physical education and test the null hypothesis stating there is no statistically significant difference between fourth-grade boys and girls overall attitudes towards physical education.

Participants and Setting:Begin by describing your target population. This may include the description of a large geographical area or a school district from which the sample was drawn. Real names should never be used.Next, describe your sample. The sample size, the type of sample, and the sampling procedures (e.g., convenience sampling, cluster sampling, etc.) must be explained. In other words, the sample selection procedures (who, what, when, where, how) need to be explained in enough detail for the study to be replicated. Include basic demographic information (number of participants, sample size, age, ethnicity, gender, etc.) described in narrative form. Since this is a proposal, plug in “place holders” (e.g., the sample consisted of 00 males and 00 females…). Quantitative literature citations must be provided for the adequate sample size (e.g. For this study, the number of participants required for an adequate sample size will be 66 students which according to Gall et al. (2007, p. 145) will the required minimum for a medium effect size with statistical power of .7 at the .05 alpha level).Next, discuss the setting (e.g., specific course, program, online/offline environment, semester-term, and/or treatment/control group testing location, etc.). Real names for people and schools should never be used. Use pseudonyms for descriptors when necessary (e.g. high school #1, biology lab # 2). The setting, especially the treatment setting needs to be described in sufficient details so that the study could be replicated. The setting is often intertwined with the description of the sample.After you have described the sample and setting, you need to identify and describe each group (e.g. treatment, control, etc.). Remember: correlational studies involve two or more variables and only “one group.” Explain the groups’ formations (e.g., random assignment, naturally occurring groups, etc.) and demographic information (e.g., age, ethnicity, gender, grade level, etc.) for each group. Since this is a proposal, plug in “place holders” (e.g., the treatment group will consist of 00 males and 00 females, etc.). Groups must be explained in enough detail for the study to be replicated.The recommended length is 200-400 words.

THE FOLLOWING IS JUST AN EXAMPLE. BE SURE TO DEVELOP YOUR OWN UNIQUE PROCEDURES FOR THE SECTION BELOW. KEY FEATURES OF THE SECTION HAVE BEEN DELETED, AS THESE ARE DETAILS YOU NEED TO DETERMINE. THE SECTION BELOW SHOULD NOT BE USED AS A FILL IN THE BLANK TEMPLATE.Data for this research will be gathered by surveying fourth-grade boys and girls from four different elementary schools in the XYZ school district. ____________ sampling techniques will be used for the distribution of questionnaires. During the month of September 2018, recruitment and data collection will commence for this study and will conclude in June of 2019 to capture a full academic year. By doing so, this will allow for ample time to coordinate the administration of the questionnaire with all appropriate school district staff and faculty. Invitations to participate will specifically be sent to school district administrators. Once approved by the board of education and principal and teachers have agreed, permission slips will be sent home to fourth-grade students from the elementary schools. Of the four schools targeted in this study, there will be two that qualify under Title I, and two that do not. Two schools are in the urban area of the district with an ethnic diversity of ____________ Caucasian, ____________ African American, and ____________ other. The other two are in the suburban area of the district and have ethnic diversity of ____________ Caucasian, ____________ African American, ____________ other.Pseudonyms will be assigned to each individual record to protect the identity of each participant. Similarly, each of the four participating schools in the district will be coded to protect identity and also from any potential bias during analysis of a single school over another. All physical education teachers will be certified in the area of physical education. Curricula at all schools will meet all National Association for Sports and Education standards. Schools may use different approaches when meeting these standards.The researchers will return to each elementary school two weeks after permission forms are sent home to collect forms and conduct the survey. The setting for delivering questionnaires to the students will be each school’s media center. The researchers will get with school personnel ahead of time to determine the best time for pulling students from class to complete the questionnaires. There will not be a time limit given to the students for completion of their surveys. A total of ____________ participants will be recruited to account for a survey response rate of ____________. However, the total number of participants required for an adequate sample size will be ____________. According to Gall, Gall, & Borg (2007) and Warner (2008), a sample size of ____________ will be needed to achieve an ____________ effect size and ____________ power using ____________ with an alpha value of ____________. Of the ____________ participants, ____________ fourth grade boys and ____________ fourth grade girls will be surveyed.

Instrumentation:In the instrumentation section, the instrument(s) that are used to measure each variable need to be identified. The instruments may be tests, surveys, questionnaires, or other measurements. Only validated instruments may be used and it is not acceptable to propose to develop an instrument for the purposes of this study.A description of each instrument, its content, its appropriateness needs to be included. The exact procedures for the development for the instrument (i.e. studies to establish validity and reliability, as well as reliability statistics) must be cited. State other peer reviewed studies where the instrument was used.Scoring information for the composite and subscales must to be included. For example “… the instrument consisted of 30 questions and used a five-point Likert scale that ranged from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. Responses were as follows: Strongly Agree = 5, Agree = 4, Neutral = 3, Disagree = 2, and Strongly Disagree = 1.” Include scoring information regarding the instrument for example, “… the combined possible score on the ATSF range from 20 to 200 points. A high score of 200 means that the student is… etc.” A brief overview of how the instrument should be administered should be discussed and the approximate time to complete the instrument should be reported.Recommended length is 200–300 words.

THE FOLLOWING IS JUST AN EXAMPLE. BE SURE TO DEVELOP YOUR OWN UNIQUE PROCEDURES FOR THE SECTION BELOW. KEY FEATURES OF THE SECTION HAVE BEEN DELETED, AS THESE ARE DETAILS YOU NEED TO DETERMINE. THE SECTION BELOW SHOULD NOT BE USED AS A FILL IN THE BLANK TEMPLATE.The instrument for this study will be based on the 20-item self-reported questionnaire originally described by Subramanian and Silverman (2000). The instrument has since been adapted and revised, and its psychometric properties examined. The instrument consists of ____________ questions and uses a ____________ Likert scale with ____________ being strongly disagree and ____________ being strongly agree, and ____________ items are written negatively. The tool utilizes ____________ constructs: ____________ and ____________, with sub factors of ____________ and ____________. Both the ____________ and ____________ factor models of the instrument were found to yield reliable and valid scores (Phillips & Silverman, 2012). Cronbach’s alpha values were used to test reliability and validity. Phillips and Silverman (2012) performed and elicitation and factor analysis of this measure that resulted in revision of question items and higher validity and reliability. The 2-factor model had an overall value of ____________ and ____________ for the cognitive factor and ____________ for the affect factor. The 4-factor model had Cronbach’s alpha values above ____________ (overall =. ____________, cognitive-teacher = ____________, cognitive-curriculum = ____________, affective-teacher = ____________, and affective-curriculum = ____________). The use of this instrument provides reliable and valid scores to examine fourth grade boys’ and girls’ attitudes towards physical education. Previous studies by Montalvo and Silverman (2008) and Subramanian and Silverman (2000) successfully used similar 4-factor instruments, and increase the reliability of the instrument. The instrument is also “grounded in theory and reasoned action” and examines the influence of cognition, affect, teacher, and curriculum factors and sub factors (Phillips & Silverman, 2012, p.325). According to Subramanian and Silverman (2000), the instrument has demonstrated reliability and validity, as questionnaires, specifically using five-point Likert scales, are the most common tool of quantitative methods. The questionnaire has been shown to be reliable and valid to measure the attitudes of fourth grade boys and girls towards physical education because the most common form of quantitative methodology employed in education research on elementary school students’ attitudes has been the use of questionnaires. Specifically, Likert-type scale questionnaires have been frequently used for students in upper elementary school, students eight through twelve years old (Andre, Whigham, Hendrickson, & Chambers, 1999; Digelidis, Kamtsios, & Theodorakis, 2007; Garner & Garfinkel, 1979; Maloney, McGuire, & Daniels, 1988; Sainsbury & Schagen, 2004; Shariff & Yasin, 2005; Twist, Gnaldi, Schagen, & Morrison, 2004; Twist, Sainsbury, Woodthorpe, & Whetton, 2003). This instrument is “grounded in the theory of reasoned action” and examines the influence of cognition, affect, teacher, and curriculum factors and sub factors (Phillips & Silverman, 2012, p. 325). Prior inquiries using this tool have demonstrated that this instrument has the ability to accurately capture students’ attitudes toward physical education, and therefore, has logical application to this study.

Research Design: In the design section, the research design(s) is identified. The research design needs to be specific. For example, it is not sufficient to state that a quasi-experimental study will be conducted; instead, it is better to state that a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design will be conducted. Immediately after identifying the design, identify the independent and dependent variables and any covariates. In addition, give a rationale for why the design is most appropriate for the study. This rationale for the design needs to be supported by research literature (what is the purpose of the design? When is it used? Why is it the most appropriate choice for the present study?). Refer to educational research texts for the proper design description and use them to support your rationales. The chosen research design(s) must be consistent with the research question and hypothesis proposed as well as the procedures described. The recommended length is 100–200 words.

Procedures:The procedure section is similar to a “cookbook.” It should contain enough detail that a reasonable person can read your procedure and conduct your study and produce the same results. This includes but is not limited to information about securing IRB approval, eliciting participants for the study, conducting a pilot study, training individuals to implement treatment, administration of the procedures, gathering the data, and recording procedures.If the study involves the training individuals to implement a treatment and/or administration of the procedures. This should include fidelity measures of the treatment. These should measure the extent to which delivery of an intervention stays true to the original model. For example, if the study calls for the implementation of a school-wide intervention, there should be periodic assessments of teachers in the school to ensure that the intervention is being implemented appropriately. This process should be explained in detail.A detailed description on how the data will be collected and recorded must be provided. The procedures should be described in a chronological, step-by-step format. Remember; describe the procedures clearly and with enough detail so that the study can be replicated.The recommended length is 200–300 words.

THE FOLLOWING IS JUST AN EXAMPLE. BE SURE TO DEVELOP YOUR OWN UNIQUE PROCEDURES FOR THE SECTION BELOW. KEY FEATURES OF THE SECTION HAVE BEEN DELETED, AS THESE ARE DETAILS YOU NEED TO DETERMINE. THE SECTION BELOW SHOULD NOT BE USED AS A FILL IN THE BLANK TEMPLATE.The aforementioned study will secure approval from Liberty University IRB prior to commencement of the study in September 2018 and procedures will continue through June of 2019. Part of the IRB process will include submitting documentation that will be used during data collection for gaining consent from school divisions, individual schools, and parents. A draft minor assent form will also be submitted for approval. Investigators will begin by obtaining written support from this school district.Once this is achieved, consent to participate in the study will be obtained from three separate school principals. Next, recruitment will begin by obtaining consent from teachers of physical education classes in the fourth grade. Letters will then be sent out to the parents of children in these three classes obtaining written consent from the parents to have their child potentially “opt-in” to this study on a volunteer basis. Once these permissions are granted, individual permission forms will be sent home to parents and assent forms will be sent home for students to sign as well. Faculty having involvement with the administration of this instrument in the classroom will have received training to ensure the integrity of the measurement tool. Lastly, if parental consent was obtained, then the children in these classes may be contacted and given the survey instrument for collecting responses. The forms being sent home will explain the dates, times, and processes of data collection that will be implemented with students in the schools so that parents are aware of the step-by-step process taking place.A total of ____________ surveys will be handed out at each school in hopes of obtaining ____________ completed surveys from students. The researchers will arrange times to meet in each school’s media center to conduct the questionnaire sessions. The researchers anticipate a response rate of at least ____________, which will provide a sample of ____________ student’s total. Should there be issues acquiring the appropriate number of students upon first visits to schools, follow-up dates will be set for conducting additional sessions with students that may have been absent or unable to perform the questionnaire as planned. Once saturation of ____________ responses needed to reach statistical power has been reached from the respondents of fourth graders, the data collection will be closed and completed.

Analysis:In the data analysis section, the type of each statistical analysis technique(s) must be identified (t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA, etc.). A concise rationale for the type of statistical analysis must also be provided. The rationale needs to be supported via the textbook. The chosen statistical procedures must be consistent with the research questions, hypotheses, and type of data collected (in other words, why is the chosen analysis the most appropriate choice to test the hypothesis?).For each identified statistical analysis technique ALL assumption tests and how they will be tested must be addressed. For example: “Assumption testing included examining Levene’s test for homogeneity of variances, creating scatterplots to test for linearity, etc…” The alpha level for each statistical analysis technique must also be stated. Lastly, the effect size and the convention used to report it should be explained. Example: Eta square interpreted based on Cohen’s d.In this section, there must also be an identified statistical procedure for each hypothesis. Thus, each section should be organized according to the research hypotheses.The recommended length is 100–200 words per hypothesis.

References: All of the references cited within the text must be listed in according to current APA format.

ReferencesCawley, J., Frisvold, D., & Meyerhoefer, C. (2013). The impact of physical education on obesity among elementary school children. Journal of Health Economics, 32(4), 743-755.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Youth physical activity guidelines toolkit. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htmEbbeling, C. B., Pawlak, D. B., & Ludwig, D. S. (2002). Childhood obesity: Public-health crisis, common sense cure. The Lancet, 360(9331), 473-482.Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., & Borg, W. R. (2007). Educational Research: An Introduction (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson, Inc.Ip, P., Ho, F. K., Louie, L. H., Chung, T. W., Cheung, Y. F., Lee, S. L., . . . Jiang, F. (2017). Childhood obesity and physical activity-friendly school environments. Journal of Pediatrics, 191, 110-116. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.017Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1), 40.Kriemler, S., Zahner, L., Schindler, C., Meyer, U., Hartmann, T., Hebestreit, H.,… & Puder, J. J. (2010). Effect of school based physical activity programme (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in primary schoolchildren: Cluster randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 340, c785.Li, J., & Hooker, N. H. (2010). Childhood obesity and schools: evidence from the national survey of children’s health. Journal of School Health, 80(2), 96-103.Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. Journal of the American Medical Association, 311(8), 806-814.Phillips, S. R., & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth grade students’ attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327.Racette, S. B., Dill, T. C., White, M. L., Castillo, J. C., Uhrich, M. L., Inman, C. L., . . . Clark, B. R. (2015). Influence of physical education on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of urban public school children in St. Louis, Missouri, 2011-2014. Prevention of Chronic Diseases, 12, E31. doi:10.5888/pcd12.140458Silverman, S. (2017). Attitude research in physical education: A review. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 36, 303-312.Subramanian, P. R., & Silverman, S. (2000). Validation of scores from an instrument assessing student attitude toward physical education. Measurement in physical education and exercise science, 4(1), 29-43.Warner, R. M. (2008). Applied Statistics (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

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