Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement
Social values, group memberships, and social roles are “conceived as the axes pro viding the ties that structure social inteaction, place the person in society, and order relations with others. In effect, actors are integrated into society through the beliefs they hold, the positions they occupy, and the groups to which they belong” (Unruh, 1983, 22).
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Get Help Now!Maintaining social patterns, however, is often difficult (Schaie, 1984). Ageing, as an example, often “brings with it losses of central social roles resulting from status changes in the arenas of marriage, work, family, income, health, and the like. Group memberships also tend to decline with age” (Ros sow, 1974, 43). Additionally, environmental changes, such as imprisonment, tends to alter social patterns. While great individual variation exists, “many . . . peo ple find it increasingly difficult to maintain friendships, neighborhood ties, family relationships, and the like” under the changing conditions of their lives (Unruh, 1983, 23). The deaths of friends and spouses, together with mobility restric tions related to both health and income, continually reduce opportunities for social integration (Lopata, 1979). Incarcer ation, and while incarcerated, solitary confinement, act in a similar manner. Further, new relationships established by adults often fail to equal the quality of past relationships. Institutionalization, as opposed to independent housing, also tends to push people toward isolation, as opposed to social integration (Eckert, 1980), a factor particularly relevant to prison populations.
Social pressures and life conditions experienced . . .”may result in unique life styles, social roles, and interper sonal stresses. Consequently the importance of . . . peers in supplying sources of support and knowledge in sociallife” is . . magnified” (Rose, 1986, 27).
While participation and commitment by people in formal organizations, voluntary asso ciation…
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