The Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale Nursing Essay
Worldwide, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality (1) and is a major public health concern (2). It is currently ranked fourth cause of death and is projected to rank third by 2020 (3).
The major characteristic of COPD is the presence of a persistent airflow limitation caused by a chronic inflammatory response, which slowly progresses over a period of years, and is by definition largely irreversible (4;5). Patients typically suffer from chronic cough, chronic sputum production and dyspnea (6). Exacerbations, which are defined as periods of increased symptoms and reduced lung function, are common phenomena within this disease (4;4;7;8).
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Get Help Now!At group level exacerbations become more frequent with increased disease severity but some patients are characterized by repeated exacerbations and some have no exacerbations (9). Exacerbations are associated with an impaired quality of life, reduced survival, and a high healthcare expenditure, leading to a social and economic burden …………….
Regular physical activity and an active lifestyle have shown to be positively associated with exercise capacity and the feeling of dyspnea (20). A study of Garcia-Aymerich, et al. showed that patients who were more physically active show slower loss of lung function and fewer exacerbations (12;21;22). This in turn, can reduce the risk of COPD readmission and mortality (21). An adequate level of physical activity in COPD patients is important and needs to be integrated into daily life. Therefore, encouraging patients to become more physically active has become a major focus in contemporary COPD therapy.
Up till now, COPD has been diagnosed based on the GOLD guidelines and according to these guidelines, subdivided into four categories, the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) after bronchodilation is used (4;7). This classification has been criticized because the classification is one-dimensional and does not take into account the symptoms experience of the patient (23).
Because exacerbations seem to induce more symptoms (24) and symptoms and exacerbations are independent predictors of prognosis (25), another criticism is that the classification does not take the presence of exacerbation into account (23). The rate at which exacerbations occur, varies greatly between patients (26), but………….
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