Which cancer originates from connective tissue? a. Osteogenic sarcoma c. Multiple myeloma b. Basal cell carcinoma d. Adenocarcino

Which cancer originates from connective tissue? a. Osteogenic sarcoma c. Multiple myeloma b. Basal cell carcinoma d. Adenocarcinom a

ANS: A Cancers arising from connective tissue usually have the suFx -sarcoma . The remaining options are not cancers that originate in the connective tissue and, in addition, are lacking the common suFx. PTS: 1 RE±: Page 364

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2. Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin? a. Blood vessels c. Connective tissue b. Epithelial cells d. Glandular tissue

ANS: B Only cancers arising from epithelial cells are called carcinomas . PTS: 1 RE±: Page 364

3. Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes? a. Cells have broken through the local basement membrane. b. Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue. c. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells. d. Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia.

ANS: C Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. These early stage cancers are localized to the epithelium and have not broken through the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding tissue. Dysplasia refers to changes in mature cell structure. PTS: 1 RE±: Page 364
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4. Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized? a. Dysplasia c. Myoplasia b. Hyperplasia d. Anaplasia

ANS: D Anaplasia is deFned as the loss of cellular di±erentiation, irregularities of the size and shape of the nucleus, and the loss of normal tissue structure. In clinical specimens, anaplasia is recognized by a loss of organization and a signiFcant increase in nuclear size with evidence of ongoing proliferation. The remaining options refer to speciFc changes in the cell. PTS: 1 RE²: Pages 368-369

5. What are tumor cell markers? a. Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells b. Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identiFed and marked c. Cytokines that are produced against cancer cells d. IdentiFcation marks that are used in administering radiation therapy

ANS: A Tumor (biologic) markers are substances produced by both benign and malignant cells that are found either in or on the tumor cells or in the blood, spinal ³uid, or urine. Tumor markers may include hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, and antibodies. The other options do not accurately describe examples of tumor markers and their function. PTS: 1 RE²: Pages 365-366

6. The function of the tumor cell marker is to: a. Provide a deFnitive diagnosis of cancer. b. Treat certain types of cancer. c. Predict where cancers will develop. d. Screen individuals at high risk for cancer.

ANS: D
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Screening and identifying individuals at high risk for cancer are ways tumor markers can be used. These markers are not used to deFnitively diagnosis or treat cancer and are not useful in predicting speciFc sites of cancer development…………………….